The COVID-19 pandemic hit the Bronx harder than any other borough by several measures, according to an economic analysis released today by New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.
As DiNapoli’s report details, prior to the start of the pandemic, the Bronx was on an upward trajectory, with steady economic and population growth after years of economic decline. The pandemic, however, has stalled progress in the borough that is home to one-fifth of New Yorkers and has threatened to reverse the gains it has made in recent years.
“More than a year of sustained damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on the Bronx, throwing it off its pre-pandemic course,” DiNapoli said. “The borough has proven its resilience before, with its recent long period of renewal aided by government efforts to provide basic services and boost economic activity and quality of life in the borough. The road to recovery will take time, and it is crucial that the state and city ensure that the Bronx receives its fair share of assistance to address the serious damage it has sustained.”
“Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Bronx had record low unemployment and development was at an all-time high, we were trending in the right direction,” said Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. “While the pandemic hit our borough hard, we will come back strong and move forward with large infrastructure projects including the Bruckner-Sheridan Interchange, four new Metro-North stations, the renovation of Orchard Beach, and various development projects. I want to thank New York State Comptroller DiNapoli for releasing a comprehensive report shedding light on our borough and working to ensure The Bronx receives our fair share of assistance as we rebuild.”
“The pandemic brought to light and exacerbated the various economic and healthcare inequalities that Bronxites face,” said Assembly Member Karines Reyes, who represents the 87th Assembly District. “Unemployment skyrocketed as the retail and service sectors halted operations due to lockdown restrictions. West Farms, a predominately Black and Latino neighborhood in the 87th Assembly District, saw unemployment levels reach 26% at one point. West Farms was the most egregious example of what happens when a city does not adequately support its residents. The Bronx is in need of significant investment that will not only bring the borough back from pre-pandemic levels but also continue the upward trend that it had seen after years of decline.”
“This pandemic has truly impacted the lives of Bronxites," said Council Member Kevin C. Riley. "I commend New York State Comptroller DiNapoli for issuing this comprehensive report that not only highlighted many of the underlying issues that our residents faced prior to the pandemic but also key recommendations for the next steps of our recovery. We must be persistent in addressing the issue of food insecurities within our borough, as well as making sure Bronx residents are at the table when we are discussing relief aid on all levels of government. Our borough has and will always be resilient and as we move towards some form of normalcy, we will continue to work hard to be the first in everything good instead of first in everything bad."
DiNapoli urged city and state leaders to prioritize a recovery in the Bronx by addressing its needs including:
- Continued aggressive borough-wide vaccination efforts.
- Sustained outreach for resources such as food distribution and rent relief.
- Targeted programs aimed at helping those most affected by COVID-19.
- Close tracking of relief dollars to ensure that the Bronx receives its fair share that corresponds to the serious damage it has sustained.
- Continued investment to aid recovery.
Ahead of Pandemic, Decades of Steady Growth in Population, Employment and New Businesses
The Bronx is one of New York City’s most diverse boroughs with the highest share of minority residents of any borough (more than 90 percent). Over the past 20 years, the Bronx grew faster than any other borough, driven in large part by immigration. From 2000 through 2017, the Bronx’s population increased by 10.4 percent to 1.47 million residents. During that time, the borough’s immigrant population rose by 38.8 percent. From 2017 through 2019 the overall population saw a slight decline from 1.47 to 1.42 million, in line with declines citywide.
The Bronx experienced steady employment and new business growth from 2009 through 2019. Employment in the borough grew by 20 percent and reached 249,000 jobs in 2019. Although the borough trailed the citywide growth rate of 29.9 percent for employment, it was the only borough to show no decline in employment during the Great Recession. The steady growth in employment is heavily concentrated in four sectors: health care, social assistance, leisure and hospitality, and retail.
Over 70 percent of Bronx residents work in essential or face-to-face industries, the largest of which include 25.9 percent in health care and social assistance; 10.2 percent in retail trade; 9.6 percent in accommodation and food services; and 7.7 percent in transportation and warehousing.
The borough is comprised of mostly small businesses and in the 10 years leading up to the pandemic, businesses in the borough increased by 15.3 percent. This was faster than both the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island.
Persistent Challenges and Inequities Threaten Progress
Despite the impressive gains the Bronx experienced, challenges and inequities remain. They have made the borough particularly vulnerable to the negative health and economic outcomes of the pandemic. The pandemic laid bare these stark inequities as minority Bronx residents faced the highest rate of hospitalizations and deaths.
Cumulative Rates for COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths by Race and Ethnicity for the Bronx
| Race / Ethnicity | Case Rates | Hospitalization Rates |
Death Rates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 9,315 | 1,414 | 375 |
| White | 8,003 | 1,062 | 248 |
| Asian American and Pacific Islander | 7,252 | 1,082 | 255 |
| Black or African American | 7,239 | 1,598 | 383 |
Note: Rates are per 100,000 people. Data is as of May 16, 2021.
Sources: NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; OSC analysis
Certain conditions put individuals, and thus communities, at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 and experiencing more severe outcomes. These conditions include poverty, unemployment, crowded housing, underlying health conditions and access to healthcare services. The Bronx had the highest rate, nearly 42 percent, of residents who faced three or more risk factors. The prevalence of these risk factors reflects residents' relatively poorer access to quality healthcare ahead of the pandemic, which contributed to the borough’s relatively high rate of hospitalizations and deaths from the virus.
Income and housing also remain critical challenges facing residents. The Bronx’s $41,400 median household income is well below the citywide median of $69,400, and its 27.3 percent poverty rate is far higher than the citywide average of 16.4 percent. Housing affordability is a serious issue facing many residents. The borough has the largest share of households who rent (80 percent) among all counties in the state, 61 percent of whom are rent-burdened, paying more than 30 percent of their income towards rent.
Economic Impact of the Pandemic Not Yet Known
The full economic impact of the pandemic on the Bronx will take years to become known, but many residents are already experiencing hardships.
Even before the pandemic hit, there were high levels of evictions and nonpayment filings. Bronx residents saw the highest levels of evictions in both 2018 (6,860) and 2019 (5,850) of any borough.
Many borough residents work in essential and face-to-face sectors, which increased their risk of contracting COVID-19 and losing employment to the shutdown. They were far more dependent on the subway system than other New Yorkers. In all but one month (October 2020), the level of ridership was higher in the Bronx than in all other boroughs.
The sudden and dramatic closure of businesses across New York City hit the leisure and hospitality sector the hardest, as an earlier report from DiNapoli detailed. In the Bronx, it meant the loss of 9,600 jobs — a 45.6 percent drop — in that sector by the summer of 2020.
Change in Employment in the Bronx by Sector, Second Quarter 2019 to Second Quarter 2020
| Sector | Number of Jobs in 2019 Q2 |
Number of Jobs in 2020 Q2 |
Percent Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Health Care | 70,200 | 63,300 | -9.9% |
| Retail Trade | 30,900 | 24,200 | -21.6% |
| Social Assistance | 28,000 | 25,200 | -10.0% |
| Leisure and Hospitality | 20,900 | 11,300 | -45.6% |
| Educational Services | 16,200 | 15,100 | -6.8% |
| Business Services | 15,700 | 14,100 | -10.4% |
| Financial Activities | 14,600 | 12,700 | -13.5% |
| Construction | 12,500 | 8,800 | -30.0% |
| Wholesale Trade | 12,300 | 10,000 | -18.9% |
| Personal Services | 9,700 | 6,300 | -35.8% |
| Transportation and Warehousing | 8,800 | 5,900 | -31.6% |
| Manufacturing | 5,600 | 4,100 | -26.9% |
| Information | 2,100 | 1,900 | -9.2% |
| All Other | 2,600 | 2,200 | -15.4% |
| Bronx Total | 250,100 | 205,100 | -18.0% |
| NYC | 3,915,800 | 3,085,800 | -21.2% |
Sources: NYS Department of Labor; OSC analysis
The borough also had the highest unemployment rate throughout the pandemic. Unemployment averaged 5.4 percent in the first three months of 2020, then shot up to a peak of 24.6 percent in May 2020, before gradually declining to 15 percent in April 2021. The extension and increases in unemployment payments have been particularly important resources for Bronx residents who remain out of work.
Most businesses in the borough are small, and the measures put in place to combat the health impacts of the COVID-19 virus forced many to close. Some business owners were able to rely on economic relief to stay afloat. Programs such as Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans served as vital resources but were slow to reach businesses in the borough. Better targeting of more recent rounds of funding and continued outreach regarding the program have led to an improvement in critical resources reaching those in need. Existing federal, state and city programs to support businesses and individuals should continue to be adjusted for and communicated to those hardest hit, including residents in the Bronx.
Improved outreach and delivery of support programs are welcome signs as the borough sets its sights on recovery, but there is a lot more that needs to be done in order to accomplish a true recovery. The Bronx’s continued revitalization and improvement will serve as an important benchmark for measuring the city’s success in achieving an equitable recovery for all New Yorkers.
Additional findings in the report include:
- As of May 25, 2021, only 44 percent of the borough’s residents were fully vaccinated. 52 percent of Bronxites have received at least one dose.
- As of 2018, 17.5 percent of all borough residents, and 23.5 percent of all Bronx children, were estimated to have limited or uncertain access to adequate food, the highest rate among all boroughs.
- Each Bronx neighborhood had rates similar to, or higher than, the citywide average for diabetes, obesity and hypertension, which are suggested to be associated with more severe cases of COVID-19.
- Enrollment in the Bronx for prekindergarten through 12th grade fell by 6.9 percent in the 2020-2021 school year, compared to 4.9 percent citywide, with a concentration in younger grades. Pre-K enrollment declined by 22.8 percent. Student attendance also dropped during the height of the pandemic, but largely returned to pre-pandemic levels by Spring 2021.
- Only 61.3 percent of households had reliable internet compared to a range of 69.5 to 78 percent across the city. As part of a recent settlement, the city expects fiber-optic infrastructure to reach 500,000 new households citywide, including the Hunts Point, Fordham, Morris Heights, Mount Hope, University Heights, Bedford Park, Jerome Park, Kingsbridge Heights and Norwood neighborhoods in the Bronx.
- As of May 16, 2021, year-to-date major index crime in the Bronx was up 3 percent when compared to the same period last year, while citywide major index crime fell by 4 percent. Shootings have increased citywide by 82 percent and by 152 percent in the Bronx over the same period.
- PPP loans for independent contractors, sole proprietors and self-employed individuals accounted for 55.5 percent of all first-draw loans approved for the Bronx and for 19.9 percent of first-draw loan dollars, both highest among all boroughs.
- Revenue declines during the pandemic resulted in the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) suspending the start of most new capital projects. This delayed the start of the Penn Station Access project to expand Metro-North Railroad service in the Bronx, but the project received important federal approvals in 2021. The MTA’s work to make stations compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act has also advanced at a slower rate than planned.
Report
Recent Trends and Impact of COVID-19 in the Bronx
Spanish Version
Tendencias recientes e impacto de la COVID-19 en el Bronx
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